Kim Kardashian
In recent years, West has developed an onlineand social media presence, including hundreds of millions of followers on Twitter and Instagram.[5][6][7] She has released a variety of products tied to her name, including the 2014 mobile game Kim Kardashian: Hollywood, a variety of clothing and products, the 2015 photo book Selfish and her eponymous personal app. Her relationship with rapperKanye West has also received significant media coverage; the couple married in 2014, and they have four children together.[8]
Time magazine included West on their list of 2015's 100 most influential people,[9] while Vogue described her in 2016 as a "pop culturephenomenon."[10] Both critics and admirers have described her as exemplifying the notion of being famous for being famous.[11][12][13]She was reported to be the highest-paid reality television personality of 2015, with her estimated total earnings exceeding US$53 million.[14]
West was born on October 21, 1980, in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Robert and Kris (née Houghton).[15] She has an older sister, Kourtney, a younger sister, Khloé, and a younger brother, Rob.[16] Their mother is of Dutch, English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry,[17]while their father was a third-generation Armenian-American.[18] After their parents divorced in 1991, her mother married again that year, to Bruce Jenner (now Caitlyn Jenner),[A]the 1976 Summer Olympics decathlonwinner.[19] Through their marriage, West gained step-brothers Burton "Burt", Brandon, and Brody; step-sister Casey; and half-sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner.[20]
She attended Marymount High School, a Roman Catholic all-girls school in Los Angeles.[21] In 1994, her father represented football player O. J. Simpson during his murder trial. Simpson is West's godfather.[22] West's father died in 2003 of cancer.[23] In her 20s, West was the close friend and stylist of socialite Paris Hilton, through whom she first garnered media attention.[5][24]
In 2006, West entered the business world with her two sisters and opened the boutique shop D-A-S-H in Calabasas, California.[25] In February 2007, a sex tape made by West and Ray J in 2003 was leaked.[26][27] West filed a lawsuit against Vivid Entertainment, who distributed the film as Kim Kardashian, Superstar. She later dropped the suit and settled for a reported US$5 million, allowing Vivid to release the tape.[28][29] Several media outlets later criticized her and the family for using the sex tape's release as a publicity stunt to promote their upcoming reality show.[30][31]
In October 2007 West, in addition to her mother Kris Jenner, her step-parent Caitlyn Jenner (Bruce), her siblings Kourtney, Khloé, and Rob Kardashian, and half-sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, began to appear in the reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians.[32] The series proved successful for E!, and has led to the creations of spin-offsincluding Kourtney and Kim Take New York and Kourtney and Kim Take Miami.[33] In one of the episodes, Kim discussed an offer from Playboy to appear nude in the magazine.[34] That December, West posed in a nude pictorial for Playboy.[35]
In 2008, she made her feature film debut in the disaster film spoof Disaster Movie, in which she appeared as a character named Lisa.[36][37] That same year, she was a participant on season seven of Dancing with the Stars, where she was partnered with Mark Ballas. West was the third contestant to be eliminated.[38] In January 2009, West made a cameo appearance during an episode of the sitcom How I Met Your Mother, in the episode "Benefits". In April, she released a workout DVD series through her television production company Kimsaprincess Productions, LLC which has seen the release of three successful workout videos, Fit in Your Jeans by Friday,with trainers Jennifer Galardi and Patrick Goudeau.[25][39][40] West played Elle in four episodes of the television series Beyond the Break.[41]
West became a guest host of WrestleMania XXIV and guest judge on America's Next Top Model in August of that year.[42] In September, Fusion Beauty and Seven Bar Foundationlaunched "Kiss Away Poverty", with West as the face of the campaign. For every LipFusion lipgloss sold, US$1 went to the Foundation to fund women entrepreneurs in the US.[43] The following month, she released her first fragrance self-titled "Kim Kardashian".[44][45] In December 2009, West made a guest star appearance on CBS's CSI: NY with Vanessa Minnillo.[46][47]
Early endorsements (2010–2013)
In 2010, West ventured into several new endorsement deals, including endorsing various food products for Carl's Jr.[48][49] In January 2010, she starred as Summa Eve in the film Deep in the Valley.[46] In April, West sparked controversy over the way she held a kitten for a photograph, holding it by the scruff of its neck.[50] With sisters Kourtney and Khloé, West is involved in the retail and fashion industries. They have launched several clothing collections and fragrances. Animal rights organization PETA criticized West for repeatedly wearing fur coats, and named her as one of the five worst people or organizations of 2010 when it came to animal welfare.[51] June saw West guest star with Khloé and Kourtney as themselves on the season three premiere episode of the series 90210.[52]
West backstage at The Heart Truth's Red Dress Collection, February 2010
On July 1, 2010, the New York City branch of Madame Tussauds revealed a wax figure of West.[53] In November, West served as producer for The Spin Crowd, a reality television show about Command PR, a New York City public relations firm, run by Jonathan Cheban and Simon Huck. The show followed them as they settle into their new offices in Los Angeles. That month, she also appeared on season ten of The Apprentice.[54][55] Kim, Kourtney, and Khloé wrote an autobiography titled Kardashian Konfidential, which was released in stores on November 23, and appeared on New York Times's Best Seller List.[56]
In December 2010, West filmed a music video for a song titled "Jam (Turn It Up)". The video was directed by Hype Williams; Kanye Westmakes a cameo in the video.[57] West premiered the song during a New Year's Eve party at TAO Las Vegas on December 31, 2010.[58] The song was produced by The-Dream and Tricky Stewart. When asked if an album was in the works, West replied, "There's no album in the works or anything—just one song we did for Kourtney and Kim Take New York, and a video Hype Williams directed, half of the proceeds we're giving away to a cancer foundation, because The-Dream's and one of my parents passed away from cancer. It's just all having fun—with a good cause".[59] Jim Farber, writing for the Daily News, called the song a "dead-brained piece of generic dance music, without a single distinguishing feature," and suggested that the single made West the "worst singer in the reality TV universe."[60]
That month, the International Business Timesreported that West's 2010 earnings were the highest among Hollywood-based reality stars, estimating them at $6 million.[61][62]
In April 2011, West released her third fragrance "Gold".[44] In March 2012, West debuted her fourth fragrance, titled "True Reflection", which she worked with the company Dress for Success to promote.[63] In April, E! renewed Keeping Up with the Kardashians for two additional seasons, in a deal reported to be worth $50 million.[64][65] In October 2012, West released her fifth fragrance, "Glam", which "draws on the glamour of her Hollywood lifestyle", and was made available through Debenhams.[66] In summer of 2012, West and her family filmed a music video in the Dominican Republic to Notorious B.I.G's song "Hypnotize".[67]
In the romantic drama Temptation: Confessions of a Marriage Counselor (2013), produced, written, and directed by Tyler Perry, West obtained the role of the co-worker of an ambitious therapist. While the film was a moderate box office success, with a worldwide gross of US$53.1 million,[68] critical response was negative and West won the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress.
Focus on social media (2014–present)
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West in September 2014
West appeared on the cover, and in a pictorial in Paper's winter issue in 2014 photographed by Jean-Paul Goude.[69] On the cover, her nude buttocks are featured above the caption: "Break the Internet", which generated considerable comment in both social and traditional media.[70][71] The photos show West with her hair tied up in a bun, wearing only a pearl necklace, a pair of earrings and black satin gloves, and, on the cover, with her bare back facing the camera, holding a sequined gown below her bare, oiled-up buttocks, while smiling broadly at the camera.[72][73] A Timemagazine writer commented that, unlike previous celebrities' nudes that represented the women's rebellion against repressed society and "trying to tear down" barriers, West's exhibition was "just provocation and bluster, repeated images that seem to offer us some sort of truth or insight but are really just self serving. We want there to be something more, some reason or context, some great explanation that tells us what it is like to live in this very day and age, but there is not. Kim Kardashian's ass is nothing but an empty promise."[74] However, the stunt "set a new benchmark" in social media response,[75] and Paper's website received 15.9 million views in one day, compared with 25,000 views on an average day.[76][77]
On October 6, 2014 West posted a jeweled homage in honor of daughter North West on Instagram in the form of some pretty Loud Love Jewelry gold rings, one for each letter of North's name[78][79][80]
In June 2014, West released a mobile game for iPhone and Android called Kim Kardashian: Hollywood. The objective of the game is to become a Hollywood star or starlet.[81] The game supports a free to play model, meaning the game is free to download, but charges for in-game items.[82] The game was a hit, earning US$1.6 million in its first five days of release.[82] In July, the game's developer Glu Mobile announced that the game was the fifth highest earning game in Apple's App Store.[82]West voiced the role of an alien in an episode of the adult animated series American Dad!, in season 11 (2014–15) in the episode titled "Blagsnarst, A Love Story" on September 21, 2014.[83][84] In May 2015, West released a portfolio book called Selfish, a 325-page collection of self-taken photos of herself.[85] In December 2015, West released an emoji pack for iOS devices called Kimoji.[86] The app was a best-seller, becoming one of the top 5 most bought apps that week.[86] In August 2015, West was the cover model for Vogue Spain.[87]
As of November 2016, as per CBC Marketplaceand interviews with celebrity endorsement experts, Kim Kardashian was paid between $75,000 and $300,000 for each post that she made on Instagram, Facebook and Twitterendorsing beauty products like waist trainers, teeth whiteners as well as Coca-Cola and well known charities. Experts think that celebrities offer fake glimpses into their lives to make viewers fall for their advertising pitches, curated to look as though the viewer is catching them in a spontaneous moment when they are mostly staged.[88]
In June 2017 she launched her own beauty line, KKW Beauty and in November 2017 she launched her own fragrance line, KKW Fragrance.
By 2018, according to Business Insider, West was charging $720,000 per Instagram post. Even though engagement data indicates that her posts are worth slightly less,[89] she's regularly making headlines and this allows her to demand a premium above any calculated Instagram sponsored post price.
West made a cameo appearance in the heist film Ocean's 8, which was released on June 8, 2018.[90][91]
In 2019, West made waves at the Met Gala with her figure hugging corset-induced Thierry Mugler dress.[92][93]
Product range
In June 2019, West launched a new range of shapewear called Kimono. West was heavily criticised over the name of the brand which critics argued disrespected Japanese culture and ignored the significance behind the traditional outfit. Following the launch of the range, the hashtag #KimOhNo began trending on Twitter and the mayor of Kyoto wrote to West to ask her to reconsider the trademark on Kimono. In response to public pressure, in July 2019, West announced that she would change the name.[94] However, Japanese trade minister Hiroshige Seko stated that he would still be dispatching patent officials for a meeting at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and that Japan would keep an eye on the situation.[95]
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